by SENATOR MICHAELIA CASH
Female genital mutilation.
As Australian women, these three words make us recoil in horror.
However for millions of young girls around the world, these three words represent an abhorrent act which will change their lives forever. And no, not for the better.
Just three days ago, West Australian police charged a couple with subjecting their baby daughter to genital mutilation.
This from The West Australian:
Child abuse squad detectives charged the parents – a 44-year-old man and a 42-year-old woman – under Section 306 of the Criminal Code, which makes all procedures involving part or total removal of female genitalia or injuries to the female genital region for cultural or non-therapeutic reasons an offence.
It will be alleged the procedure took place during a holiday in Bali on August 25. It is understood the couple live in Perth’s northern suburbs and the girl is understood to be in good health. The penalty for the offence if committed in WA is 20 years.
The practice of female genital mutilation, or FGM, is internationally recognised as a violation of the human rights of girls and women.
The practice, which varies from country to country and between regions, involves partial or total removal of the clitoris, or excision of any other part of the genitals including the labia majora and labia minora, or any other kind of mutilation of the genitalia.
Perhaps one of the worst aspects of this practice is that it is mostly carried out on girls up to the age of 15. An estimated 100-140 million women have experienced genital mutilation worldwide and three million girls are estimated to be at risk of undergoing the procedure every year. Deformed and in pain, these girls are denied any kind of real childhood.
There are no benefits that come from this violent procedure. None. What it can cause is infertility, severe bleeding, infection, trouble with urination, cysts, fistula, the need for further surgeries, complications in childbirth and increased risk of infant mortality.
As someone who values gender equality, it is impossible to imagine the pain and the horror that women and girls subjected to this brutal practice experience. But that immediate pain is replaced with a lifetime of both physical and often psychological suffering. It is impossible to comprehend the lifetime of suffering these girls and women experience and the trauma they go through.
Consider the case of Faduma, who was subjected to FGM at the age of 6. She told SBS in an interview:
‘You bleed, you just cry, you can’t defend yourself…imagine having an operation live without anything. Somebody is cutting your body and you are just lying there hopeless.’
World Health Organisation estimates that 140 million girls and women worldwide are living with the consequences of FGM, and a UN Women report confirms that:
‘a growing number of women and girls among immigrant communities have been subjected to or are at risk of female genital mutilation in Australia and New Zealand, as well as in countries in Europe and North America.’
In 2010, the Royal Women’s Hospital in Melbourne reported it was seeing between 600 and 700 cases of women each year who were victims of FGM – and keep in mind this is only the women who both needed and sought medical attention.
It is fair to say that Western society, and in particular Western women, have been too reluctant to point out and too slow to condemn the plight of women outside the West for fear that any censure of anti-female practices would be seen as culturally insensitive.
It is a regrettable fact that harmful traditional practices have been committed against women in certain communities and societies for so long now that they are considered part of accepted cultural practice. In other words, excuses are made under the guise of traditional cultural practices for allowing women to be subjected to crude and unrestrained primitive practices that should not be tolerated anywhere under any circumstances.
In Australia, all types of FGM are illegal, banned by specific legislation in every jurisdiction. The legislation takes precedence over common law, which means that even if a woman over the age of 18 consents to undergoing FGM, any doctor who administers it would be committing an offence. For legislative purposes, FGM is also illegal under child protection legislation, which means that mandatory reporting on the issue where suspected by a teacher or other professional must occur.
And the National Education Program on Female Genital Mutilation, introduced in 1995, aims to prevent FGM through community education and awareness, as well as assistance to women who have already been subjected to the practice.
As the Executive Director of UN Women, Ms Michelle Bachelet, pointed out at a Parliamentary Breakfast in Canberra this week, FGM is carried out for cultural reasons, not religious ones. Many parents believe without FGM their daughters will not be able to marry. Others believe that uncircumcised girls will have overactive sex drives, or that female genitalia are and dirty and FGM is it is a type of ‘cleaning’ or ‘cleansing’. It has also been reported that there is a belief in parts of Burkina Faso and Nigeria that if a baby touches the clitoris during childbirth, it will die.
When migrants come to Australia, they bring with them a system of beliefs, and for those who come with the belief that practicing what amounts to the torture and disabling of young women is okay, it is incumbent on us to help families to overcome the belief that it is necessary or acceptable. We cannot tiptoe around this issue on the pretence that cultural relativity must prevail. In this case, the health of young women is at risk for no good reason whatsoever.
And outside Australia, it is my belief that lifting women from poverty through education and empowerment is the only way to make progress in this area, and many others. There is plenty of data to show that aid investment in women, and especially in their education, reaps enormous benefits not just for those women but also for their families and children.
All girls deserve the right to be free from torture and mutilation, and it is only through speaking out, raising awareness and unveiling the shame and secrecy around this process that we may begin to change the minds of those who believe it is a necessary and normal part of girlhood.
Senator Michaelia Cash is a Liberal Senator for Western Australia and the Shadow Parliamentary Secretary for Immigration and the Status of Women.
Top Comments
Thank-you Senator Cash for raising an issue vital to the health, well-being and empowerment of new Australians.
Despite the illegality of female genital mutilation (fgm), many naively assume this abhorrent practice does not occur in Australia.
The high rates of fgm in countrries of origin for many of Australia's migrant communities, including Sudan and Indonesia (95 and 70 percent respectively) point strongly to a desire among many in immigrant communities to engage in what is popularly perceived to be a religious practice.
That forms of female 'circumcision' were considered seriously by the Australian Gynaecological Assoc. in 2010 (later dropped) in response to the influx of fgm cases also points to such a demand.
Given that fgm and its corollary of child (forced) marriage has resurfaced as an issue due to recent cases reported in the media, and that these practices are seen to have a religious motivation, any awareness or condoning of these practices by religious leaders should form part of the scope for the government Royal Commission into child sexual abuse.
May I urge on behalf of young girls in Australia that these issues continue to be given strong representation. Once again, thank-you for your awareness and concern for these issues in representing West Australians.
Thanks to GRUENBAUM for her brilliant article on female circumcision in Sudan. My last comment got deleted which is disappointing as I think there is definitely more to think about as this debate progresses
Efforts to change circumcision practices that have neglected to analyse its causes-and resort to "tradition" as the sole explanation are problematic. When reformers assume that people follow "tradition" for no conscious reason, they overlook the complexity of decision-making processes within a culture and the competing demands on individuals. As a result, reform programs can result that do nothing but preach against "ignorance." Thus international efforts to "eradicate" female circumcision (as if it were a disease), though often couched in seemingly progressive feminist rhetoric, sound condescending to many African women.
Outsiders must recognize that our knowledge about the existence of this practice does not turn the tide: it is the women who practice circumcision who will be the ones to change it (Gruenbaum 1982). Toubia has commented: Over the last decade the ... West has acted as though they have suddenly discovered a dangerous epidemic which they then sensationalized in international women's forums creating a backlash of over-sensitivity in the concerned communities. Perhaps what we need to think about is how international efforts to eradicate female circumcision, while often couched in seemingly progressive feminist rhetoric; inadvertently serve to mask the negative health effects of the economic exploitation of poor countries such as Sudan. Drought killed a huge raft of children recently in Africa, whether they were circumcised or not is pretty irrelevant, no?